The GENIUS Act (Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins), officially designated as S. 1582 ^[1], is a landmark piece of U.S. legislation aimed at establishing a comprehensive federal regulatory framework for stablecoins — a type of cryptocurrency typically pegged to fiat currencies like the U.S. dollar ^[2]. Sponsored primarily by Senator Bill Hagerty (R-TN) ^[1][4], the bill passed the Senate on June 17, 2025, with a vote of 68-30^[2][3][5] and was signed into law by President Trump on July 18, 2025. ^[7]

It represents a significant federal effort to regulate stablecoins and is considered a step toward broader cryptocurrency regulation in the United States ^{[2] [3]}.

Background

Stablecoins have become integral to the cryptocurrency ecosystem, offering price stability and facilitating digital transactions. However, the rapid growth of the stablecoin market, now exceeding $250 billion in market capitalization, has raised concerns about financial stability, consumer protection, and the lack of a clear regulatory framework ^{[2] [3]}.

The GENIUS Act was introduced to address these concerns by providing a structured approach to the issuance and regulation of stablecoins, thereby enhancing oversight and boosting investor confidence in the digital asset space ^{[2] [3]}.

Key Provisions

The GENIUS Act outlines several critical components:

• Permitted Issuers: Only entities approved as "permitted payment stablecoin issuers" may issue stablecoins in the U.S. This includes nonbank entities approved by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), uninsured national banks chartered by the OCC, and certain federal branches.
• Reserve Requirements: Stablecoin issuers are required to maintain reserves in liquid, safe assets, such as U.S. Treasury bills, to ensure the ability to redeem stable-coins at par value.
• Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Compliance: Issuers must adhere to AML and counter-terrorism financing protocols to prevent illicit activities.
• Consumer Protection: In the event of issuer insolvency, the bill priorities investor repayment, aiming to safeguard consumer interests.
• Regulatory Oversight: The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is granted authority over spot markets for digital commodities, establishing a self-certification process for compliance. The bill also grants sweeping authority to the Department of Treasury ^[3].
• Conflict of Interest Provisions: The bill includes measures to prohibit any member of Congress or senior Executive Branch official from issuing a payment stablecoin product during their time in public service ^{[2] [3]}. However, attempts by Democrats to include a provision barring the President and their family from profiting were unsuccessful ^{[2] [3] [5]}.

Legislative Journey

Initially, the GENIUS Act faced hurdles due to partisan disagreements and concerns over potential conflicts of interest, particularly relating to former President Donald Trump's involvement in cryptocurrency ventures ^{[2] [3] [5]}. However, the bill, sponsored by Senator Hagerty ^{[1] [4]}, gained momentum after revisions and bipartisan negotiations. It passed the Senate on June 17, 2025, with a vote of 68-30 ^{[2] [3] [5]}.

The U.S. House of Representatives subsequently passed the GENIUS Act on Thursday, July 17, 2025, with a vote of 308–122 ^[6]. This comprehensive stablecoin bill, S. 1582, is designed to establish a national regulatory framework for payment stablecoins, aiming to end years of regulatory uncertainty around digital assets ^[6].

President Donald Trump signed the GENIUS Act into law on July 18, 2025 ^[6]. Its enactment marked a significant shift in U.S. cryptocurrency policy, providing clearer guidelines for the rapidly growing digital asset industry and potentially setting precedents for broader cryptocurrency regulation ^{[2] [3]}.

Sam Kazemian, cofounder of the stablecoin protocol, FRAX Finance expressed his support towards the bill:

"There’s only one token/project that will benefit the most as soon as the ink is dry on this historic bill, the one whose entire roadmap is being the first licensed legal tender stablecoin." - he tweeted

He also tweeted:

"GENIUS Bill is such a big deal the big brains that understand the ramifications think the entire market should reprice. I agree, but now imagine a concentrated pick whose entire roadmap is based on the post-GENIUS landscape. How much is that worth? Few."

Implications

The passage of the GENIUS Act is seen as a pivotal moment in the regulation of digital assets in the U.S. By establishing a clear legal framework for stablecoins, the legislation aims to:

• Enhance financial stability by mitigating risks associated with unregulated stablecoin issuers.
• Foster innovation by providing regulatory clarity, encouraging responsible development within the crypto industry.
• Protect consumers through stringent reserve and compliance requirements.
• Position the U.S. as a leader in the global digital economy by proactively addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by emerging financial technologies ^{[2] [3]}.

US Senate passes GENIUS Stablecoin Bill

The GENIUS bill passed the Senate on June 17, 2025, with a vote of 68-30 ^{[2] [3] [5]}. This marks the first time the Senate has passed a comprehensive federal law governing stablecoins ^{[2] [3]}. The proposed legislation mandates that issuers maintain full reserves in liquid assets, undergo regular audits, and comply with anti-money laundering measures ^{[2] [3]}. It also establishes a dual licensing system at both federal and state levels, depending on the issuer's size and scope. The bill grants sweeping authority to the Department of Treasury for oversight ^[3].

The bill has received support from both crypto industry leaders and lawmakers seeking to maintain U.S. competitiveness in digital finance ^{[2] [3]}. However, it has also drawn criticism over provisions such as the exemption of the U.S. President and their family from certain conflict-of-interest rules, raising concerns about transparency and influence ^{[2] [3] [5]}. Senator Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.) was a chief critic, accusing Republicans of "rubberstamping Trump's crypto corruption" by blocking efforts to bar the president from profiting ^{[3] [5]}. The bill, having passed both the Senate and the House, now awaits President Trump's signature ^[6].

President Trump Signs the GENIUS Act into Law

On July 18, 2025, President Donald Trump signed the GENIUS Act into law, marking a significant move toward integrating blockchain and digital asset technology into the U.S. economy. ^[7]

At a ceremony held in the White House’s East Room, Trump hailed the signing of the bill, dubbed the GENIUS Act, as a major accomplishment of his second term.

"I pledged that we would bring back American liberty and leadership, and make the United States the crypto capital of the world," said Trump,

"and that's what we've done."

Now signed into law, the GENIUS Act, which establishes a framework for issuing and trading stablecoins, is set to unlock tremendous interest in crypto from banks, traditional finance players, and retailers who have all expressed great interest in adopting and issuing stablecoins in recent months. ^[7]